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The big stack of cells is frequently divided into smaller stacks known as modules to aid in manufacturing and assembly. These modules are grouped together into a single pack.
To complete the electrical path for current flow within each module, the cells are joined together by welding. Additionally, electronics like temperature sensors and cooling systems can be incorporated into modules. For best functioning, modules must stay within a certain temperature range.
The majority of the time, modules also enable the use of a battery management system to track the voltage generated by each battery cell in the stack.
Relays, also known as contactors, are included in the battery pack and regulate how much power is sent to the output terminals. The battery cell stack is typically connected to the main positive and negative output terminals of the pack using a minimum of two main relays, which then give a high current to the electrical drive motor.
Some pack designs incorporate alternative current routes for powering an auxiliary bus, which will also have its own related control relays, or for pre-charging the drive system using a pre-charge resistor. These relays are all generally open for security reasons.
The lithium-ion battery that powers an EV is a significant part of the vehicle. A third to half of the expense of an EV can be attributed to the battery pack alone.
The cost of the battery pack is typically split in half between raw materials and manufacture, with the remaining costs being made up of converters, various battery modules, battery management systems, on-board chargers, and battery shells.
Key LIB minerals are abundantly available in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe (lithium), Zambia (graphite), Mozambique (graphite), South Africa (manganese, nickel, and platinum), and Zimbabwe (copper). Although these minerals are extracted in Africa, the real value-adding processes, such as smelting, refining, cell assembly, and eventually the creation of electric vehicles, are performed elsewhere.
Therefore, Africa misses out on higher job creation returns as a result of participation in value creation. It’s possible that the Southern African Development Community is the only region that can advance along the LIB GVC. It has started making plans to achieve this.
The South Africa EV Chemicals Market accounted for $XX Billion in 2021 and is anticipated to reach $XX Billion by 2026, registering a CAGR of XX% from 2022 to 2027.