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The most reliable method for finding specific DNA sequences, diagnosing genetic illnesses, mapping genes, and discovering new oncogenes or genetic abnormalities causing various cancers is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). With the help of a fluorescent reporter molecule and a specific target sequence found in the sample DNA, FISH anneals DNA or RNA probes, which can then be observed under fluorescence microscopy.
Recent advancements in the technology have made it possible to screen the entire genome concurrently utilising array-based methods like comparative genomic hybridization or multiplex FISH with multicolor whole chromosome probes. In the fight against genetic diseases, FISH has fundamentally transformed the field of cytogenetics and is now acknowledged as a trustworthy diagnostic.
Hybridization in situ using fluorescence (FISH). A molecular cytogenetic technique called fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) enables the localization of a particular DNA sequence or an entire chromosome in a cell.
It is used to diagnose genetic disorders, map genes, identify chromosomal anomalies, and may also be used to compare how the genes on different chromosomes in related species are organised. During performing FISH, the double helix structure is unwound and all probes connected to fluorescent molecules are bound to a particular sequence of sample DNA that can be seen under a fluorescence microscope.
The Global Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Imaging System Market accounted for $XX Billion in 2023 and is anticipated to reach $XX Billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2030.
The macromolecule recognition technique known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) relies on the complementary nature of DNA or DNA/RNA double strands. Chosen DNA strands can be employed as probes to hybridise onto the complementary sequences in examined cells and tissues, which can then be observed using a fluorescent microscope or an imaging system.
Initially, this technology was created as a physical mapping device to identify genes within chromosomes. The ability to immediately apply it for the genetic diagnosis of constitutional common aneuploidies, microdeletion/microduplication syndromes, and subtelomeric rearrangements was made possible by its high analytical resolution to a single gene level and high sensitivity and specificity.
One of the areas of cancer diagnosis that is expanding the fastest is FISH testing, which uses panels of gene-specific probes for somatic recurrent losses, gains, and translocations. FISH has also been used to find parasites like malaria and infectious microbiota in human blood cells.
The use of high resolution imaging equipment, various techniques for increasing probe labelling efficiency, and direct observation of intra-nuclear chromosomal architecture as well as monitoring of RNA transcription in single cells are recent developments in FISH technology.
In fixed or living cells, Cas9-mediated FISH (CASFISH) enables in situ tagging of repetitive sequences and single-copy sequences without affecting nuclear genomic structure.
