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Hard carbon is a solid type of carbon that, even at temperatures of 3000 °C, cannot be transformed to graphite by heat treatment. It is sometimes referred to as char or non-graphitizing carbon. It is more popularly known as charcoal.
Due to its renewable resources, cheap cost, and high specific capacity, hard carbon is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Practical complete cells built on hard carbon with high energy density and extended cyclability are predicted to be of interest for grid-scale energy storage.
Hard carbons are the preferred anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Their structure, sodium storage method, and sustainability are discussed, underlining the challenges for rational design of optimised anode materials through a thorough understanding of structure-function relationships.
The Global hard carbon anode material market accounted for $XX Billion in 2022 and is anticipated to reach $XX Billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2030.
Plant-derived hard carbon as anode for sodium-ion batteries.Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most promising contenders to replace lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in grid-scale energy storage applications. SIBs technology is still in its early stages, and new viable and low-cost active materials are necessary.
The key hurdle to overcome is the design of high-performance anodes and a thorough understanding of the sodium storage processes. Hard carbons (HCs) have been intensively explored as anode materials because sodium ions may be intercalated in pseudographitic domains and reversibly adsorbed in surface edges, flaws, and nanopores.
The most recent state of knowledge on plant-derived HC anodes in SIBs, which is beneficial for professionals from many backgrounds that work in the sector. Detailed descriptions of the Na-ion storage methods in hard carbon anodes that have been proposed so far are included with the working principles of SIBs.
The performance of HCs generated from plants in SIBs is finally discussed, with an emphasis on the synthesis processes (including activation and/or doping treatments).
