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An actinometer is a chemical system or physical device that determines the number of photons in a beam integrally or per unit time. This name is commonly applied to devices used in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges.
For example, solutions of iron(III) oxalate can be used as a chemical actinometer, while bolometers, thermopiles, and photodiodes are physical devices that give a reading that can be correlated to the number of photons detected. Chemical actinometry uses the yield from a chemical reaction to calculate radiant flux. A chemical with a known quantum yield and easily studied reaction products are necessary for this method.
Actinometer is a substance or mixture of substances that undergoes a photochemical reaction and is used as a standard for measuring the light energies involved in photochemical work because the extent of the reaction and the energy of the absorbed light have an easily quantifiable relationship.
The use of 4,4′-dimethylazobenzene as a chemical actinometer is suggested here. When exposed to radiation at 365 nm, this molecule undergoes a clean and effective E/Z isomerization that approaches 100% conversion. Its characteristics allow for the measurement of photon flux in the UV-visible region using straightforward experimental procedures and data processing, with the potential for reuse following photochemical or thermal reset.
In diluted H2SO4, ferrioxalate is dissolved. The methodology should only be used in a completely dark environment because the resultant solution is light-sensitive. To create a phenanthroline Fe2+ complex, samples are collected at precise times and combined with a phenanthroline solution and an AcONa (sodium acetate) buffer solution.
The next step is to use spectrometry to detect the phenanthroline Fe2+ compound absorption at 510 nm in order to calculate the subsequent Fe2+concentration. Using phenanthroline and a solution of FeSO4, a calibration curve is created.
The composition of discharges of mixes of tetramethylsilane, sulfur hexafluoride, and helium was examined using conventional and dynamic actinometric optical emission spectroscopies. As an actinometer, argon was present in trace amounts. As a function of the amount of SF6 in the feed, Rs, trends in the plasma concentrations of the species H, CH, Si, F, and CF2 were discovered.
Dynamic actinometry, which includes observing the relative intensities of plasma species after one of the main feed gases is interrupted, provided information about the respective weights of gas-phase and plasma/polymer-surface reactions in the synthesis of the measured plasma species. These findings lead to the proposed reaction pathways and mechanisms for the generation of these species.
Medium pressure Hg-based UV lamps and non mercury, pulsed UV lamps emitting polychromatic light are being considered as alternatives to low-pressure, monochromatic UV lamps in light of the increasing acceptance of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for the disinfection of water and wastewater.
Traditional fluence measurement techniques, however, were created for monochrome light sources, and they are ineffective for measuring fluence from sources of polychromatic light.
Mathematical modelling and chemical actinometry (uridine and iodide/iodate) were combined to explore novel methods for estimating the effective germicidal fluence for polychromatic UV sources.Radiometry and actinometric fluence data were compared to microbial biodosimetry.
The precision of incident and germicidal polychromatic UV fluence measurement was enhanced by combining conventional chemical actinometry with mathematical analysis. With or without a mathematical correction, the determination of germicidal fluency by the uridine actinometer fell just outside the 95% confidence interval of the biodosimetry.
In a similar vein, it was found that an iodide/iodate actinometer could measure incident fluence precisely, and when combined with mathematical adjustments, it could measure germicidal fluence within the 95% confidence interval of the fluence measured by biodosimetry.
The ability to measure germicidal effective UV fluency from any form of UV lamp using these techniques has the potential to become flexible and practical.
The Global Actinometer market accounted for $XX Billion in 2023 and is anticipated to reach $XX Billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2030.
